LDR and hydroforming limit for deep drawing of AA5754 aluminum sheet

The goal of the research was to determine the limits and conditions in which the sheet hydroforming process provides a significant advantage over stamping in deep drawing of AA5754 aluminum sheets. Specifically, the maximum draw depth achievable by stamping, warm stamping (WF), sheet hydroforming (SHF), and sheet thermo-hydroforming (THF) of AA5754 aluminum alloy were quantified through experimental and computational modeling. A limited number of forming experiments were conducted with AA5754 aluminum sheets using a cylindrical punch and counteracting fluid at different temperatures and pressures. Several parameters, such as force–displacement, hydroforming pressure and temperature, and the maximum draw depth prior to wrinkling or tearing were measured during the forming process to make comparisons with simulations. The computational study included the simulation of stamping, WF, SHF and THF of AA5754 aluminum sheet with the LS-Dyna code, and the Barlat 2000-2d yield function with temperature-dependent coefficients. To predict the onset of wrinkling and tearing, the numerically generated, temperature-dependent forming limit diagrams (FLDs) based on the Barlat 2000-2d yield function were used. It was found that compared with stamping, SHF and THF can achieve more than 100% deeper draw depths with AA5754 aluminum sheet. The stamping simulations were used also to calculate the optimum blank size and die corner radii for the limiting draw ratio (LDR). The LDR was found to be very sensitive to the punch and die corner radii used in the experiments, which represent the curvature of character lines in an actual part. The LDR for AA5754 aluminum sheet was found to be 1.33 and 2.21 for sharp and round die corner radii, respectively. Overall, it was concluded that SHF is most ideal for deep drawing of aluminum sheets with sharp radii features. With the additional drawability provided by SHF, the automotive industry would be able to make difficult-to-form aluminum parts that cannot be stamped without product concessions such as increasing the die radii.     

混凝法处理垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液的试验研究

采用絮凝沉淀法对垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液进行了处理,探讨了絮凝剂种类、絮凝剂投加量、絮凝剂和助凝剂的配比对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,FeSO4,Al2（SO4）3,PAC和PAM这几种混凝剂对所处理废水的COD和UV254都有一定的去除效果,其中FeSO4和PAM联合使用时的处理效果最好。在FeSO4投加量为400 mg/L,PAM投加量为6 mg/L,pH为7.7的条件下,废水的COD从3790 mg/L降到606 mg/L,去除率可达84%,UV254去除率达到52%,大大降低了垃圾渗滤液后续处理的负荷,为垃圾浓缩液的初步处理提供了新的参考方向。     

绿地再生水灌溉土壤盐度累积及风险分析

和常规水源相比,再生水常含有较高的盐分,因而再生水灌溉下土壤盐分的风险引起学者的广泛关注.以再生水利用程度较高的北京市为研究区域,分层采集了不同再生水灌溉历史城区公园绿地与城郊农田表层土壤样品,测定并分析了土壤电导率（EC）和钠吸附比（SAR）等盐分相关指标,探讨再生水灌溉下土壤盐分的累积特征,分析了长期再生水灌溉下土壤盐分累积的风险.结果表明,再生水灌溉下城市绿地和农田土壤EC1：5值和SAR1：5值均显著高于其对照灌区,这种差异在农田中更加显著.公园与农田中再生水灌区土壤EC1：5值较对照灌区分别上升了12.4%和84.2%;土壤SAR1：5值上升幅度分别为64.5%和145.8%.调查区土壤0～10 cm与10～20 cm土层间EC1：5值和SAR1：5值差异不显著.长期再生水灌溉会使盐分累积在土壤表层,同时土壤孔隙度有轻微的减小.在北京地区再生水用于城市绿地灌溉引起表层土壤盐渍化的风险不容忽视.     

贮存老化对某弹药射程的影响研究

目的 研究长期贮存老化对某弹药射程的影响,确定其有效增程射角范围。方法 对130 mm某弹药在不同贮存老化时间下的射程进行数值仿真分析,揭示其射程和有效增程射角范围随贮存时间的变化规律。结合射程与贮存老化时间和射角之间的函数关系,提出以剩余推力比为表征参数的射程变化模型。结果 在相同贮存老化时间下,随着射角的增大,该弹药的射程呈现出先增大、后减小的趋势。相同射角下,射程随贮存老化时间呈线性下降趋势,有效增程射角范围逐渐减小。使用三次多项式拟合有效增程比与射角之间的函数关系,拟合方程的相关系数超过了0.997 0。该弹药射程变化模型的拟合结果与仿真计算结果的相关系数大于0.998 5,表明其可以准确描述该弹药的射程变化规律。结论 贮存老化会显著影响某弹药的射程和有效增程射角范围,在实际贮存和使用过程中,不能忽略其贮存老化因素。     

基于多种新型受体模型的PM2.5来源解析对比

为了解多种新型受体模型的适用性,利用正定矩阵分解/多元线性引擎2-物种比值（PMF/ME2-SR）、偏目标转换-正定矩阵分解（PTT-PMF）、正定矩阵分解（PMF）和化学质量平衡（CMB）这4种受体模型对我国北方典型城市细颗粒物(PM_2.5)数据进行同步解析并互相验证.结果发现,燃煤源（25%～26%）、扬尘源（19%～21%）、二次硝酸盐（17%～19%）、二次硫酸盐（16%）、机动车源（13%～15%）、生物质燃烧源（4%～7%）和钢铁源（1%～2%）这7种主要污染源对研究地区PM_2.5有贡献.通过比较不同模型获得的源成分谱和源贡献以及计算各源的差异系数（CD）和平均绝对误差（AAE）,发现4种模型的解析结果具有较高的一致性（平均CD值在0.6～0.7之间）,但不同模型对各污染源中组分的识别存在差异.相比于传统PMF模型,PMF/ME2-SR模型由于纳入一次源类的特征比值,能够更好地区分源谱特征较为相似的源类,如扬尘源的CD和AAE分别比PMF模型低15%和54%; PTT-PMF模型以实测一次源谱和虚拟二次源谱为约束目标,计算的二次硫...     

基于案例比较的我国生产安全事故系统性风险实证研究*

为开展生产安全事故系统性风险实证研究,从风险治理角度提出单位国内生产总值生产安全事故死亡率、工矿商贸就业人员10万人生产安全事故死亡率、生产安全事故致死率和重特大事故死亡人数占比4项指标,采用秩和比法构造相对安全风险指数(SRI),并以江苏和宁夏为例开展实证研究。研究结果表明:SRI可更好地量化和反映我国生产安全事故系统性风险水平;近年我国系统性风险非持续下降,呈波动变化;事故少发地区的系统性风险不一定小于事故多发地区。研究结果可为我国安全生产战略谋划和顶层设计提供新思路。     

不同量碳源输入梯度下果园排水沟底泥氮素反硝化与N2O排放研究

果园是太湖地区重要的经济作物,但是氮肥投入量大,氮素损失严重,使得排水沟道的活化氮浓度高,碳氮比下降,碳源可能是影响沟道底泥硝化与反硝化作用的限制因子.因此,采集了果园排水沟道沉积物,在实验室条件下,设计了C_0、C_1、C_2、C_3、C_4这5种有机碳源(葡萄糖)浓度水平,分别为0、5、25、50和100 mg·L~(-1),同时分别输入了5 mg·L-1的硝酸钾溶液.采用乙炔抑制法来研究果园排水沟道土壤的反硝化损失和不加乙炔研究N_2O的排放量.结果表明,加入碳源使土壤的反硝化速率(DN)和N_2O排放速率均有一定的增加,碳氮比对N_2O排放速率和DN的影响均极为显著(P0.05);碳氮比为10∶1时,累积反硝化损失总量和N_2O累积排放总量均较大(分别为319.26μg·kg~(-1)和6.20μg·kg~(-1)),占净氮的输入量比例均较高(分别为1.28%和0.02%),说明该处理情况下虽然对于沟道反硝化非常有利,利于去除土壤底泥中富集的氮素,但同时也增加了温室气体N_2O的排放.     

施用无害化污泥影响土壤碳库组分和碳库管理指数的演变

以小麦-玉米轮作体系下的沙质潮土为研究对象,选用经无害化处理后符合国家标准且在推荐量范围内的商业化污泥产品,通过2013~2015年田间定位试验,研究无害化污泥施用对沙质潮土土壤碳库组分和碳库管理指数的影响,为无害化污泥资源化利用提供理论和技术依据.结果表明,与不施无害化污泥处理(CK)相比,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、微生物量碳(SMBC)、易氧化有机碳(LOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)施用污泥各处理分别显著增加到了8.40~14.74 g·kg-1、164.45~257.45 mg·kg-1、3.58~4.88 g·kg-1和81.16~101.58 mg·kg-1(P0.05),其中各活性有机碳组分SMBC、LOC和DOC分别显著提高了84.00%~188.07%,26.26%~58.03%和109.58%~185.39%(P0.05),其中45 t·hm~(-2)污泥(W3)处理提升效果最明显;施污泥各处理土壤微生物量熵(SMBC/TOC)和易氧化有机碳有效率(LOC/TOC)均有升高趋势,提高范围分别为8.02%~2.77%和13.75%~46.48%,土壤可溶性有机碳有效率(DOC/TOC)施污泥各处理分别显著降低了17.06%~40.94%(P0.05),并且随污泥施用量的增大,SMBC/TOC、LOC/TOC和DOC/TOC呈下降趋势,说明施用45 t·hm~(-2)污泥增大了土壤中稳定态碳含量,导致其比值降低;施污泥各处理土壤碳库活度(L)和碳库指数(LI)随污泥施用量增大而降低,说明施用45 t·hm~(-2)污泥其土壤稳定态碳含量高,有利于沙质潮土土壤有机碳的积累;施污泥各处理土壤碳库管理指数(CMPI)显著提高了153.45%~195.40%,其中W3处理提升效果最为明显;通过相关性分析及冗余分析得出,用CMPI来表征土壤肥力的变化比用TOC更灵敏、直接,能更好地反映出土壤养分及碳库的动态变化.综上,施用15~45 t·hm~(-2)污泥可以显著提高沙质潮土土壤活性碳库各组分含量和碳库管理指数,尤以施用45 t·hm~(-2)(W3)污泥效果最为显著.     

曝气人工湿地脱除低污染水中氮的影响因素

低污染水由于排放量大、来源范围广,成为地表水体中氮的重要贡献者.为探究人工湿地对低污染水脱氮时的影响因素,构建曝气人工湿地,分析其在不同运行工况下对低污染水中不同形态氮的去除效果.结果表明,低污染水中TN和N03--N去除率与水力停留时间(HRT)、碳氮比(C/N)和温度显著正相关(r＞0.65,P＜0.01),与溶解氧(DO)极显著负相关(r＜-0.85,P＜0.01);NH4+-N去除率与各因素之间相关性不显著(P＞0.05).曝气量和HRT的改变,可以调节湿地内DO环境,为湿地内营造交替好-缺氧环境,利于硝化与反硝化过程.在曝气量为0.2 L-min-1、HRT为1 d时,曝气人工湿地对低污染水中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N去除率分别可达90.15％、98.25％和86.22％,实现了 TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N同步高效去除.C/N和温度是影响TN和NO3--N去除效果的重要因子.随C/N增加,TN和NO3--N去除率明显提升;在进水C/N为5时,TN和NO3--N去除率达到最高,分别为68.49％和50.48％,其中TN去除率较无碳源时提高了 37.43％.此外,温度从8～12℃升高至28～321℃时,曝气CW脱氮速率逐步增大.相较于低温(8～12℃),在高温(28～32℃)时CW对TN和N03--N去除率分别提高了 29.37％和50.24％;而NH4+-N去除率受C/N和温度影响不大.     

Enhancing the efficiency of nitrogen removing bacterial population to a wide range of C:N ratio (1.5:1 to 14:1) for simultaneous C & N removal

• Simultaneous C & N removal in Methammox occurs at wide C:N ratio. • Biological Nitrogen Removal at wide C:N ratio of 1.5:1 to 14:1 is not reported. • Ammonia removal shifted from mixotrophy to heterotrophy at high C:N ratio. • Acetogenic population compensated for ammonia oxidizers at high C:N ratio. • Methanogens increase the plasticity of nitrogen removers at high C:N ratio. High C:N ratio in the wastewater limits biological nitrogen removal (BNR), especially in anammox based technologies. The present study attempts to improve the COD tolerance of the BNR process by associating methanogens with nitrogen removing bacterial (NRB) populations. The new microbial system coined as ‘Methammox’, was investigated for simultaneous removal of COD (C) and ammonia (N) at C:N ratio 1.5:1 to 14:1. The ammonia removal rate (11.5 mg N/g VSS/d) and the COD removal rates (70.6 mg O/g VSS/d) of Methammox was close to that of the NRB (11.1 mg N/g VSS/d) and the methanogenic populations (77.9 mg O/g VSS/d), respectively. The activities established that these two populations existed simultaneously and independently in ‘Methammox’. Further studies in biofilm reactor fetched a balanced COD and ammonia removal (55%–60%) at a low C:N ratio (≤2:1) and high C:N ratio (≥9:1). The population abundance of methanogens was reasonably constant, but the nitrogen removal shifted from mixotrophy to heterotrophy as the C:N ratio shifted from low (C:N≤2:1) to high (C:N≥9:1). The reduced autotrophic NRB (ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and Anammox) population at a high C:N ratio was compensated by the fermentative group that could carry out denitrification heterotrophically. The functional plasticity of the Methammox system to adjust to a broad C:N ratio opens new frontiers in biological nitrogen removal of high COD containing wastewaters.